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RaspberryPi server

3939 · cloud ·

Last update
2021-03-18

2021
03-18

«raspi, raspbian, nas, webdav, dlna, media center, torrent, rdp/vnc, print/scan, firewall, dns, monitoring, vpn, zram, android»

Update raspbian linux to latest version:

apt-get update
apt-get upgrade
apt-get dist-upgrade
apt-get clean
apt-get autoremove
rpi-update # update firmware & kernel

apt-get purge bash-completion     # speed up shell TAB-auto completion

# --- os version update, eg: from jessie (deb8) to stretch (deb9)
sed -i 's/jessie/stretch/g' /etc/apt/sources.list
sed -i 's/jessie/stretch/g' /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list
# repeat the commands above, then check the current version:
cat /etc/os-release

Debian 10 upgrade: see rpi blog post notes and comments.

Change password, hostname, full xdm greeter:

sudo raspi-config # Change User Password; Hostname

# choose lightdm-gtk-greeter
sudo update-alternatives --config lightdm-greeter

Configure a static IP address (see also this and fallback method):

append the desired following blocks to /etc/dhcpcd.conf:

interface eth0
fallback mylan

SSID my_wifi_ssid
fallback mylan

interface wlan0
fallback mylan

profile mylan
static ip_address=192.168.1.110/24
static routers=192.168.1.1
static domain_name_servers=84.200.69.80 37.235.1.174 84.200.70.40 37.235.1.177

Note: Do not use the directive inform 192.168.1.110 because it breaks the UPS monitor.

Optional do not wait for network at boot: run raspi-config and select Boot > Wait for Network at Boot > No.

Tune kernel settings

Disable IPv6: append ipv6.disable=1 to kernel parameters in /boot/cmdline.txt or:

# via sysctl:
echo "net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/local.conf
# via modprobe:
echo "blacklist ipv6" >> /etc/modprobe.d/local.conf

Set autoreboot on kernel panic: append panic=5 to kernel parameters in /boot/cmdline.txt or via sysctl:

1	echo "kernel.panic = 5" >> /etc/sysctl.d/local.conf

better/visible boot messages: append consoleblank=0 plymouth.enable=0 to kernel parameters in /boot/cmdline.txt
Remove tv black borders: set disable_overscan=1 in the /boot/config.txt.
Fix slow usb mouse: append usbhid.mousepoll=0 to kernel parameters in /boot/cmdline.txt.

Tune video settings

Run raspi-config and in the Advanced Options section, if using a raspberry pi 4 then enable both the GL driver and the Compositor otherwise turn them off.

Note: to ensure the loading of Pi4's VC4/GL driver make sure to uninstall Xorg frame buffer drivers:

1 2	apt install xserver-xorg-video-vesa apt purge xserver-xorg-video-fbdev xserver-xorg-video-fbturbo

Fix HDMI no signal

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# /boot/config.txt
hdmi_force_hotplug=1
config_hdmi_boost=6

Fix Pi4's DRM mem error:

1	DRM_IOCTL_MODE_CREATE_DUMB failed: Cannot allocate memory

If you see the above error then use these /boot/config.txt settings:

# force HD, and prevent 4K memory drain (optional)
hdmi_group=1
hdmi_mode=16
[hdmi:0]
hdmi_max_pixel_freq=200000000
[hdmi:1]
hdmi_max_pixel_freq=200000000

[pi4]
# Enable DRM VC4 V3D driver on top of the dispmanx display stack (default driver)
dtoverlay=vc4-fkms-v3d
# number of active displays 1-2
max_framebuffers=1
# disable any memory split
#gpu_mem=256

and append cma=384M to /boot/cmdline.txt.

Tune audio settings

fix robotic/metallic audio

1 2	# add tsched=0 in /etc/pulse/default.pa on this line: load-module module-udev-detect tsched=0

disable microphone auto adjust (src1, src2, src3):

cd /usr/share/pulseaudio/alsa-mixer/paths
tar -czvf ../paths.tgz .  # backup
perl -pi -0 -e 's/(\[[A-Za-z ]*(Mic Boost|Capture)\][A-Za-z._=\s-]+volume *= *)merge/\1zero/g;' *mic*.conf
shutdown -r 0

to have a much better audio quality you can buy an usb soundcard (eg. PCM2704 DAC)

# /etc/modprobe.d/local-audio.conf

# https://alsa.opensrc.org/MultipleCards#Reordering_the_driver_for_a_particular_card
options snd_bcm2835    index=0
# get vendor and product IDs via "lsusb" (my PCM2704 has 08bb:27c4)
options snd-usb-audio  index=2,3,4 vid=0x08bb,0x1395,0x046d pid=0x27c4,0x0025,0x0836

# set default card in pulseaudio (taken from raspi-config script)
pulseaudio --check || pulseaudio -D
export XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/`id -g`
pacmd list-sinks | grep -e index -e alsa.name  # identify your card number
pactl set-default-sink 3

Tune wifi settings

# disable roaming
echo "options brcmfmac roamoff=1" >> /etc/modprobe.d/local.conf

# set correct regional domain
sed -i 's/REGDOMAIN=.*/REGDOMAIN=IT/' /etc/default/crda

# auto turn off power management
cd /etc/network/if-up.d/
echo -e '#!/bin/bash\n/sbin/iw dev wlan0 set power_save off' > local-wlan
chmod 755 local-wlan
# find an optimal MTU size via:
#   ping -c 2 -M do -s 1600 www.google.com
# then save it with:
echo "/sbin/ip link set dev wlan0 mtu 1400" >> local-wlan

Turn off bluetooth if unused, see this section.

Reduce power consumption:

put in /etc/rc.local:

# turn off leds multiple times
(for i in 1 2 3 4 5; do
  for i in /sys/class/leds/led?; do
    echo none > $i/trigger
    echo 0    > $i/brightness
  done
  sleep 60
done) &

# disable HDMI output (and set boot to console via raspi-config)
/usr/bin/tvservice -o # -p to re-enable

set boot to console and reduce memory split:

1 2	raspi-config # Boot Options > Desktop / CLI > Console raspi-config # Advanced Options > Memory Split > 16

turn off unsued wlan/bluetooth (see /boot/overlays/README), put in /boot/config.txt:

1 2	dtoverlay=pi3-disable-wifi dtoverlay=pi3-disable-bt

and turn off the bluetooth services:

1 2	systemctl disable hciuart systemctl disable bluetooth

Overclock RPI4:

Add these lines in /boot/config.txt:

arm_freq=2048
v3d_freq=750
over_voltage=6
hdmi_enable_4kp60=1

optionally set performance cpu governor:

1 2	# /etc/rc.local echo performance > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor

Extend lifespan of mechanical HDD:

put in /etc/hdparm.conf:

/dev/sda {
  write_cache = on
  # -B -- disable Advanced Power Management
  apm = 254
  # -S -- 1h timeout
  spindown_time = 242
}

Extend lifespan of sdcard:

install my tmpfs-folders script and add a custom periodic cleaning of /var/log files in root crontab:

1 2	# m h dom mon dow command 0 0 * * 3 /opt/systemd-units/clear_var_log.sh > /dev/null 2> /dev/null

Extend your RAM by enabling ZRAM (compressed RAM):

put in /etc/rc.local:

if modprobe zram num_devices=1 ; then
  echo lz4  > /sys/block/zram0/comp_algorithm
  echo 384M > /sys/block/zram0/mem_limit
  echo 768M > /sys/block/zram0/disksize

  mkswap /dev/zram0
  swapon -p 10 /dev/zram0

  sysctl vm.swappiness=90
fi

and optionally disable dphys-swapfile swapfile service:

1	systemctl disable dphys-swapfile

Setup a NAS (via NFS):

Server side commands:

apt-get install nfs-kernel-server

systemctl enable rpcbind # it's disabled by default...
systemctl restart nfs-kernel-server

# add a share to /etc/exports
echo "/path 192.168.1.0/24(rw,sync,no_subtree_check,all_squash,anonuid=1001,anongid=1001)" >> /etc/exports

exportfs -ra # reload server

and append these lines to /ect/rc.local:

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# fix: nfs server doesn't start without rpcbind
systemctl start   rpcbind
systemctl restart nfs-kernel-server

Client side commands:

1 2	echo "192.168.1.110:/path /mnt/path nfs defaults,user,exec 0 0" >> /etc/fstab mount /mnt/path

Setup a remote desktop (via VNC):

You have three options:

Install the modern TigerVNC server, see the dedicated post
Use the lightdm TigerVNC service by enabling it in /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf

Install the old TightVNC:

apt-get install tightvncserver
# set a password and run a LQ server on display 1:
vncpasswd
vncserver -geometry 1024x768 -depth 8 :1
vncviewer server_ip:1 # connect from another host

Setup a shared printer:

apt-get install cups
apt-get install hplip # HP printers drivers
hp-setup -i # install printer + dl drivers

elinks http://localhost:631
# Administration > Printers > Add printer
# Server settings > Share printers connected to this system

then turn the printer off and on again.

On Android you can install these apps: Let's print Droid, and Let's Print PDF.

Setup the firewall:

apt-get install ufw

ufw reset # reset to defaults

ufw default deny  incoming
ufw default allow outgoing

ufw allow from 192.168.1.0/24 # your intranet
ufw allow from x.x.x.x        # a trusted IP
ufw limit 22/tcp              # max 6 new connections every 30 seconds
ufw limit 2200:2230/udp       # mosh port range
ufw allow 1810:1820/tcp       # bittorent - data
ufw allow 1810:1820/udp
ufw allow 6881:6891/tcp       # bittorent - tracker
ufw allow 6881:6891/udp
ufw allow 6771/udp            # bittorent - local peer discovery

ufw enable

SSH access and tunnels:

Here is an example for creating some simple forward tunnels while connecting to a remote server:

# deluge thin client & web ui, vnc, nginx
ssh \
  -L 58846:localhost:58846 \
  -L 8112:localhost:8112   \
  -L 5901:localhost:5901   \
  -L 1234:localhost:1234   \
  user@server_addr

There are some great SSH clients as PuTTY for windows/linux and juiceSSH on Android.

Use mosh (even with juiceSSH!) to reliably connect from unstable or high latency networks:

1 2	apt-get install mosh # run this both on client and server mosh -p 2200:2230 user@server_addr # connect to opened UDP ports on server

Read the dedicated post for an advanced tunnel usage.

Read the dedicated post to setup a SOCKS proxy with SSH.

Note: if sshd is slow to start at boot (systemd-analyze blame) then install haveged to have more entropy.

Dedicated posts:

Tools:

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apt-get install rpi-chromium-mods # video acceleration on google chrome
apt-get install remmina           # very handy VNC/SSH GUI
apt-get install omxplayer         # accelerated cli media player

Fast/light web browsers:
- kweb - raspberry pi's custom webkit build with omxplayer support
- vivaldi - opera like browser
- midori

OMXplayer GUIs:

gomx -- light Python+Tk via python-omxplayer-wrapper

sudo apt install libdbus-1-dev libglib2.0-dev
pip install omxplayer-wrapper
wget -O ~/bin/gomx https://github.com/vladcc/gomx/raw/master/gomx/gomx.py
chmod 755 ~/bin/gomx
sed -i 's/^PL_WIN_PAD = .*/PL_WIN_PAD = 0/' ~/bin/gomx # adjust padding

tboplayer -- via pyomxplayer + youtube-dl + lyrics

raspi-keygen -- Patch for MPEG-2, VC-1 license (untested, use it at your own risk)

1 2	cd /boot && cp start.elf start.elf_backup && \ perl -pne 's/\x47\xE9362H\x3C\x18/\x47\xE9362H\x3C\x1F/g' < start.elf_backup > start.elf

Backup:

You can do a full/raw sdcard backup, a live/tar one, or an incremental one.

As an alternative to 7za you can use xz just like the gz command (or use the -J option of tar).

Incremental backup commands

# --- backup ----------------------------------------
cd /tmp && mkdir -p p1 p2
sudo mount -o ro /dev/sdc1 p1
sudo mount -o ro /dev/sdc2 p2

cd bkup-folder
sudo sfdisk -d /dev/sdc > ptable
mkdir -p p1 p2
sudo ribs -b --no-p p1 /tmp/p1
sudo ribs -b        p2 /tmp/p2

sudo umount /tmp/p?


# --- restore ---------------------------------------
cd bkup-folder

cd /tmp && mkdir -p p1 p2
sfdisk /dev/sdc < ptable
mkfs.vfat /dev/sdc1
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc2
sudo mount /dev/sdc1 p1
sudo mount /dev/sdc2 p2

sudo ribs -r p1 /tmp/p1
sudo ribs -r p2 /tmp/p2

cat ptable | grep label-id   # view old partition ID

# change to the new partition ID
sfdisk -d /dev/sdc | grep label-id
# update PARTUUID in p1/cmdline.txt 
# update PARTUUID in p2/etc/fstab

sudo umount /tmp/p?

Miscellanea:

Fix TV/monitor not detected unless powered on first:

1	sudo tvservice -d /boot/edid.dat

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# /boot/config.txt
hdmi_edid_file=1
hdmi_force_hotplug=1

Test if we are on a raspberry (/sys, /proc/cpuinfo):

1 2	cat /sys/firmware/devicetree/base/model # Raspberry Pi 3 Model B Rev 1.2 grep Hardware /proc/cpuinfo # Hardware : BCM2708

To save space on new installs of ruby gems, put in ~/.gemrc:

1 2	install: --no-rdoc --no-ri --no-document update: --no-rdoc --no-ri --no-document

and to install a gem in the user $HOME use this command:

gem install --user-install bundler

# remember to update your PATH adding this line to ~/.bashrc
export PATH=$HOME/.gem/ruby/2.1.0/bin:$PATH

If you have a logitech wireless keyboard (eg: K400+) then you can use solaar to query and configure it:

git clone https://github.com/pwr/Solaar.git
cd Solaar/bin

solaar show all
solaar show 1 | grep Battery
solaar config 1 fn-swap off # toggle function keys

If you have a keyboard without the F# keys (like the kano keybord) you can emulate them with xdotool and then run it via xbindkeys:

sudo apt-get install xdotool xbindkeys xbindkeys-config
xdotool key ctrl+alt+F1  # emulate these key press
xbindkeys-config         # create and save your bindings
xbindkeys                # run daemon

or you can use xmodmap to remap existing keys:

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xmodmap -pke | tee ~/.Xmodmap > ~/.Xmodmap-orig
nano    ~/.Xmodmap # edit keys
xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap # load changes (run this on X startup)

see Xorg keyboard references on the bottom.

Autostart programs when loggin in LXDE: put your commands prefixed by @ in ~/.config/lxsession/LXDE-pi/autostart
Change video mode/resolution without rebooting -- see rpi forum post

# query available video modes
tvservice -m CEA
#Group CEA has 16 modes:
#           mode  4: 1280x720  @ 60Hz 16:9, clock:74MHz progressive 
#           mode 19: 1280x720  @ 50Hz 16:9, clock:74MHz progressive 
#  (prefer) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60Hz 16:9, clock:148MHz progressive 

# set custom video mode
tvservice -e "CEA 4 HDMI"
#fbset -depth 8 ; fbset -depth 16
fbset -g 1280 720 1280 720 16
xrefresh

# set default video mode
tvservice -p

Android/LineageOS: images by Konsta, forum
Zoom: arm port request, forum

Notes:

Raspberry Pi 3 provides 1.2A USB current by default (no need to set max_usb_current=1 in /boot/config.txt). Of course a 2.5A PSU is mandatory.

Tips:

SenseHAT: blog post
hplayer (mplayer)
SSHfs
read-only sdcard: adafruits post from raspi post

Sources:

power consumption: pidramble, jeffgeerling
ZRAM: kernel, raspberry pi 3 gist, with-raspberrypi blog, stoned.io
NFS server in Raspbian: can't connect
Reduce SDcard wearing: stackexchange post e ramlog pkg
Xorg keyboard: keysym list, xmodmap tutorials by xahlee and archlinux wiki
upgrade raspbian8 to 9
Fix wifi poor performance + turn power management off + optimize

~~~ * ~~~

easytag id3 tag settings

40 · cloud ·

Last update
2021-02-26

2021
02-26

« — »

Edit > Preferences > ID3 Tags

General

Strip ID3 tags if all ID3 tags are empty

ID3v2

Write ID3v2 tag > Version: ID3v2.3
Character encoding > Other: Western (ISO-8859-1)
Automatically convert old ID3v2 tag versions
Use CRC-32

ID3v1

Write ID3v1 tag
Character encoding: Western (ISO-8859-1)

~~~ * ~~~

How to compress voice recordings with Opus

839 · cloud ·

Last update
2021-02-25

2021
02-25

«compress uncommon wav to opus»

There are various audio recorders on the market, you could have stumbled upon one of these or something similar:

Name, model	Specs	Notes
Victure, X5	8GB, 12h, 510mAh	stylish and solid (glass+metal)
Elegiant, CupGtdQWy	8GB, 16h	bulky and simple design with very long recording time
Pendrive recorder	8GB	very cheap, fragile, buggy, small battery, decent recordind time

some of them can record directly in MP3 format but this depletes the battery faster than the WAV one.

Using the WAV format produces a file not suitable as input of our beloved tools like lame, oggenc or opusenc, we can use mplayer to convert it to a suported format:

apt install mplayer opus-tools

# convert WAV file to a supported format
mplayer -vo null -vc null -ao pcm:fast:file=in_ok.wav in.wav

# compress the converted WAV file in OPUS
opusenc --bitrate 24 in_ok.wav out.opus

you can use the attached recorder2opus.rb script that uses a named pipe file to avoid the creation of the converted WAV file.

Using the Victure X5 recorder with the lowest WAV quality I made some compression tests in MP3, OGG and OPUS and these are the results:

File size at the same bitrate: MP3 > OGG > OPUS. So OPUS is the winner.
A meaningful bandpass range for voice recordings is about 11kHz so we should use an OPUS bitrate between 24-28Kb/s (see reccommended settings). The audio quality remains high in the range 20-28Kb/s but below the 24Kb/s the file size increases. So 24Kb/s is the winner.
Trying to downmix to MONO always gave a bigger file. So it is better to keep it STEREO.

Play an opus files in console with standard tools:

1	opusdec --force-wav --quiet file.opus - \| aplay

Here is a bash script to convert any audio file to opus:

#!/bin/bash

FNAME=$1
FIFO=/tmp/audio2opus.fifo

if [ ! -f "$FNAME" ]; then
  echo "file [$FNAME] not found!"
  exit
fi

mkfifo $FIFO

mplayer \
  -really-quiet -vo null -vc null \
  -ao pcm:fast:file=$FIFO \
  -slave -input file=/dev/null "$FNAME" &
sleep 1

opusenc --bitrate 24 --title "${FNAME%.*}" \
  $FIFO "${FNAME%.*}.ogg"
sleep 1

rm -f $FIFO

Reference: xiph.org, Vorbis, Opus & Opus FAQ, Lame encoder, Mplayer

~~~ * ~~~

fish | friendly interactive shell

1522 · cloud ·

Fish

Terminal

Tools

Last update
2021-02-25

2021
02-25

« — »

Resources

Extensions

fisher plugin manager (list)
- anicode find arbitrary unicode characters matching a search pattern
- ~~autoenvstack folder custom env set/restore~~
- cprintf printf with colors
- ~~g2 friendly git command line client~~
- getopts command line options parser
- gitignore create .gitignore files from https://www.gitignore.io templates
- paths create or append to environment variables
- ~~rvm rvm support~~
- shark sparkline generator (cli histograms)
- spin background job spinner
- ~~termcolours list available terminal colour names~~
- upto change to the closest parent folder by name
oh-my-fish plugin manager (list)
- peco interactive history search
- dpaste quickly share text on pastebin sites
- git-flow completion support for git-flow
- weather
- bundler use Ruby's Bundler automatically for some commands
- battery battery status utility
- plugin-docker-machine easy machine set env
prompt themes (see powerline and nerd fonts):
- oh-my-fish bobthefish: powerline-style, git-aware theme
- fisher metro powerline prompt optimized for speed and space
- fisher nitro color-smart powerline prompt based in Metro
- fisher segment powerline prompt builder
midnight commander wrapper
RVM integration via lunks/fish-nuggets

Prompt power-up

decompress fish_config.7z attachment in ~/.config/fish/
curl -L https://get.oh-my.fish | fish
omf install bobthefish
download and install Meslo font from nerd-fonts
set MesloLGMDZ Nerd Font Mono font for your terminal
put set -g theme_nerd_fonts yes in your ~/.config/fish/config.fish
customize fish_greeting.fish and fish_right_prompt.fish in ~/.config/fish/functions/

On cygwin under windows you can install DejaVu Sans Mono ttf powerline font, and set fish as the default shell.

In the attached file there is a simple prompt with git support.

Commands

fish_update_completions -- scan man pages for completion tips
env VAR1=xxx VAR2=yyy command arg1 arg2 ... -- run command with env vars

~~~ * ~~~

Xorg allow run X11 app via sudo

40 · cloud ·

HowTo

Terminal

Xorg

Last update
2021-02-23

2021
02-23

«xhost command»

# run this at session startup
xhost +local:

# test it
sudo xterm

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Listing posts

Table of contents:

Update raspbian linux to latest version:

Change password, hostname, full xdm greeter:

Configure a static IP address (see also this and fallback method):

Tune kernel settings

Tune video settings

Tune audio settings

Tune wifi settings

Reduce power consumption:

Overclock RPI4:

Extend lifespan of mechanical HDD:

Extend lifespan of sdcard:

Extend your RAM by enabling ZRAM (compressed RAM):

Setup a NAS (via NFS):

Setup a remote desktop (via VNC):

Setup a shared printer:

Setup the firewall:

SSH access and tunnels:

Dedicated posts:

Tools:

Backup:

Incremental backup commands

Miscellanea:

Edit > Preferences > ID3 Tags

General

ID3v2

ID3v1

Resources

Extensions

Prompt power-up

Commands